Potential reversal and the effects of flow pattern on galvanic corrosion of lead. Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.Īrnold, R., & Edwards, M. New insights into lead and copper corrosion: impact of galvanic corrosion, flow pattern, potential reversal, and natural organic matter. Washington, D.C.: APHA-AWWA-WEF.Īrnold, R. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Water Research, 41(2), 387–396.Īmerican Public Health Association. Chlorine decay in drinking-water transmission and distribution systems: pipe service age effect. In many cases, high-risks of elevated lead and copper did not co-occur, demonstrating that these contaminants will have to be sampled separately to identify “worst case” conditions for human exposure and monitoring.Īl-Jasser, A. Levels of copper in the distribution system were up to 50 % lower and as much as 30 % higher relative to levels at the treatment plant. In field studies at five utilities, trends in lead and copper release were highly dependent on circumstance for example, lead release increased with water age in 13 % of cases and decreased with water age in 33 % of conditions tested. Examination of lead pipe, copper pipe with lead solder, and leaded brass materials in a replicated lab rig simulating premise plumbing stagnation events indicated that lead or copper release could increase as much as ∼440 % or decrease as much as 98 % relative to water treatment plant effluent.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of water age and chemistry on corrosivity of various downstream premise plumbing pipe materials and configurations using a combination of controlled laboratory studies and a field survey. Cumulative changes in chemical and biological properties associated with higher “water age” in distribution systems may impact water corrosivity and regulatory compliance with lead and copper action levels.
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